What does the term 'geomorphology' refer to in geography?

The term 'geomorphology' specifically refers to the study of the Earth's surface and the various processes that shape it, which includes understanding landforms, their formation, and changes over time due to natural forces such as erosion, weathering, and tectonic activity. This field examines how different physical processes interact to create various landforms, such as mountains, valleys, rivers, and plains.

While other choices may pertain to different aspects of geographical study, they do not encapsulate the focus of geomorphology, which is primarily concerned with the physical characteristics of the Earth and the dynamic processes that influence its configuration over time. Thus, the correct answer accurately identifies geomorphology as a distinct branch of geography centered on the Earth's physical landscape.