Which features are typically found at the upper course of a river?

The upper course of a river is characterized by steep gradients, waterfalls, and V-shaped valleys. The steep gradients are a result of the river's youthful stage, where it flows rapidly due to the higher elevation, eroding the landscape more aggressively. This vigorous erosion often leads to the formation of dramatic features such as waterfalls, which occur when water descends abruptly over a cliff or steep surface. Additionally, the V-shaped valleys develop as the river cuts downwards into the landscape, with the sides of the valley becoming steep due to the erosive forces at play.

In contrast, wide floodplains and gentle slopes are generally found in the lower course of rivers, where sediment deposition occurs more frequently. Meanders and oxbow lakes are features associated with the middle to lower course, where the river begins to traverse flatter terrain and wind more extensively. Delicate ecosystems with diverse wildlife are often found in various areas across different river stages but are not specific features typical of the upper course.